Abstract³

The lack of education and transparency in the industry and the culture around recycling has led to misunderstanding and misinformation in regard to the status of recycled materials and their environmental impact which will continue to lead to environmental harm in the future. This research paper delves into the necessity of transparency within the culture of recycling, exploring its complexities, challenges, and potential solutions. By employing a comprehensive methodology that includes industry studies, educational analyses, and data collection efforts, the study investigates the intricate interrelationships within recycling systems. Findings reveal significant disparities in recycling practices, including inadequate funding, lack of continuity, and environmental justice issues, underscoring the urgent need for transparency. Through a thorough examination of current recycling scenarios, data analysis, and visual representation, the research highlights the critical role of transparency in fostering trust, accountability, and efficacy within recycling cultures. Moreover, the study proposes actionable strategies to enhance transparency, including guideline proposals, community education, and the utilization of recycled materials in construction. By addressing these challenges and implementing proposed solutions, the research aims to contribute to the establishment of a transparent and sustainable recycling culture.

Introduction

In the contemporary discourse on sustainability, recycling stands as a linchpin in the endeavor to mitigate environmental degradation and conserve finite resources. However, the efficacy of recycling initiatives is contingent upon the transparency of recycling systems, a dimension often overshadowed in discussions of waste management. This research paper embarks on an exhaustive exploration into the necessity of transparency within the culture of recycling, recognizing it as an indispensable prerequisite for achieving substantive progress towards sustainable waste management. Through a meticulously designed methodology comprising industry studies, educational analyses, and empirical data collection, this study unravels the intricate web of interdependencies within recycling systems. Findings from comprehensive data analysis underscore glaring disparities in recycling practices, ranging from inadequate funding and sporadic implementation to pervasive environmental justice issues. These revelations underscore the pressing imperative for transparency across the recycling continuum. By meticulously scrutinizing current recycling scenarios, backed by data analytics and visual representations, this research elucidates the pivotal role of transparency in engendering trust, fostering accountability, and enhancing efficacy within recycling cultures. Moreover, the study ventures beyond mere diagnosis, proffering a suite of pragmatic strategies aimed at fortifying transparency within recycling systems. From meticulously crafted guideline proposals to innovative community education initiatives and the strategic integration of recycled materials in construction, these interventions hold the promise of galvanizing a paradigm shift towards a transparent and sustainable recycling ethos. By harnessing the insights gleaned from this research and translating them into actionable initiatives, stakeholders stand poised to catalyze a transformative trajectory towards a recycling culture characterized by integrity, equity, and environmental stewardship.

Methodology

Industry Analysis

This chapter provides an in-depth analytical visualization of the current trend in the production, use, and status of waste management and recycling practices. It explores the processes involved in waste collection, segregation, and disposal, highlighting the challenges and successes of various user groups.

Where and When: Recycle

In this section, we address the foundational aspects of our research by exploring the “where” and “when” questions pertinent to our study. The diagram provided elucidates the material cycle, beginning with product manufacture and progressing through product use to eventual disposal. At the disposal stage, materials diverge into two streams: those re-entering material production and those contributing to natural resources. This crucial juncture introduces the recycling issue, emphasizing the need for a transparent and efficient recycling system. The visual representation aids in comprehending the cyclical nature of materials and highlights the points where recycling interventions are essential to close the loop effectively.

Diagram 1: To identify the problems, it is important to understand the material cycle, from manufacturing to the user. This figure displays an example of the material cycle. (Own Diagram)

Product lifecycle and recycling integration

We examine the life cycle of a product, integrating recycling and composting as shown in Diagram 2. The cycle starts with raw material extraction, followed by processing and use. After use, waste is collected and diverted into different pathways. Some waste is transformed into secondary materials for re-entry into factory processing, while organic waste is directed to composting facilities, creating valuable compost.

Diagram 2: This figure represents the life cycle of a product including recycling and composting. (Own Diagram)

Current recycling landscape and data insights

The current recycling scenario in the USA faces several challenges despite widespread efforts to promote sustainable practices. While recycling programs are available in many communities, the overall recycling rate remains relatively low, around 35%. Key issues include contamination of recyclables, inadequate infrastructure, and fluctuating market demand for recycled materials. Additionally, there is a lack of uniform policies and regulations across states, leading to inconsistencies in recycling practices and effectiveness. Public awareness and participation also vary significantly, impacting the overall efficiency of recycling systems.

EPA Recycling Report 2018

In 2018, the EPA reported 35,680 thousand tons of plastic recycled in the United States, amounting to 12.2% of plastic produced that year being recycled.

‘Generation before materials are recycled, composted, managed by other food pathways, combusted with energy recovery or landfilled. Does not include construction & demolition debris, industrial process wastes or certain other wastes’ (EPA Report)

Greenpeace Recycling Report 2020

Greenpeace reports that out of 2.1 million tons of plastic put into recycling, only 5-6% of plastic was actually recycled in 2020.

‘The original comprehensive, objective survey of acceptance of plastic items at U.S. residential material recovery facilities for curbside recycling has been continually updated since its creation in October 2019 and was reverified in August 2022. The survey was performed and verified by technically qualified volunteers of The Last Beach Cleanup: two registered professional chemical engineers and a recycling industry expert. The acceptance information was found in the public domain and is publicly shared to promote transparency and establish a traceable account of facts related to “recyclable” claims and labels for plastic products.’ (Greenpeace report)

Education system interrelationship analysis

Education plays a pivotal role in shaping individuals’ behavior and attitudes toward waste management and recycling. This chapter aims to find the integration of recycling practices within the education system, encompassing both formal educational institutions and public awareness campaigns. It explores the curriculum, teaching methods, and initiatives that can effectively instill environmental consciousness and responsible recycling habits among communities. We tried to illustrate the intricate interrelations among various elements, institutes, and organizations within the education sector. It encompasses different educational levels, practices, policies, and socio-economic factors, highlighting the interconnected nature of educational components and their collective impact on the system.

Diagram 3: Mind map showing the interrelation of elements, institute, and organizations of education. It was created after discussions with several educators/experts in the field. (Own Diagram)

Data collection samples

Material study for recycling

Material study is fundamental to recycling education research because it offers vital insights into the characteristics and behaviors of various materials. This knowledge is essential for devising effective recycling techniques, crafting educational materials, and evaluating the environmental impact of recycling initiatives. By investigating materials, we aim to uncover optimal recycling processes, inform policy decisions, and ultimately establish sustainable waste management practices.

Analytical example: Glass to Recycled Glass

Diagram 4: Example of the glass recycling cycle. (Own Diagram)

Table 1: Material specification sheet of a post secondary material made of glass. (Own Table)

Analytical example: Plastic to Plastic Pavers

Diagram 5: Example of plastic recycling cycle. (Own Diagram)

Table 2: Material specification sheet of a post secondary material made of plastic and sand. (Own Table)

Some other analytical examples:

Diagram 6: Example of paper recycling cycle. (Own Diagram)

Diagram 7: Example of metal recycling cycle. (Own Diagram)

Case study: Illinois Institute of Technology

Our data collection from IIT revealed that the current state of recycling is suboptimal due to several constraints. These challenges include inadequate funding, which hampers the development and implementation of effective recycling programs. Additionally, there is a lack of continuity in recycling efforts, leading to inconsistent practices and outcomes. Moreover, the management of e-waste poses a significant problem, as it requires specialized handling and disposal techniques that are not sufficiently addressed. These factors collectively contribute to the overall inefficiency of recycling initiatives, highlighting the need for targeted interventions and sustained support to improve the recycling situation.

Urban and Environmental data collection: Chicago

The recycling situation in Chicago faces challenges such as low recycling rates and contamination of recyclable materials. These issues are compounded by inconsistent recycling practices and insufficient public awareness. As a result, much recyclable waste ends up in landfills, contributing to environmental degradation. This has a direct impact on communities, leading to increased pollution and health risks, especially in marginalized neighborhoods. Improved recycling efforts and education could mitigate these negative effects and promote a healthier, more sustainable environment for all residents.

In Chicago’s South Side, environmental racism is evident as poor recycling infrastructure disproportionately affects minority communities. Inadequate recycling leads to higher levels of pollution and waste in these areas, exacerbating health risks and reducing quality of life. These communities often lack the resources and political clout to address these issues, perpetuating a cycle of neglect and environmental injustice.

Diagram 9: Map showing redlining and pollution rate. (Maps courtesy of chichives.org)

Findings

User disconnect in recycling practices

Communities play a crucial role in recycling, influenced by policy, knowledge, and production cycles. They often lack involvement in creating recycling policies, resulting in ineffective programs that don’t address local needs. Limited education on proper recycling practices leads to contamination and inefficiencies. Additionally, communities are typically at the mercy of manufacturers’ decisions, leading to increased waste from non-recyclable products.

Diagram 10: Diagram of connection between policy and community. (Own Diagram)

Addressing these issues through inclusive policymaking, comprehensive education, and promoting sustainable production can enhance community recycling efforts and foster environmental sustainability.

Diagram 11: Diagram of direct connection of the community within the waste cycle. (Own Diagram)

Gaps in recycling education

Education plays a pivotal role in shaping the mindset and behavior of individuals, particularly when it comes to sustainable practices. This section focuses on the potential within the education sector to incorporate sustainability as a core component of the curriculum. By integrating environmental education, waste management, and recycling practices into various subjects, a community can be empowered to become active participants in building a sustainable future.

Diagram 12: Interconnectivity of education system. (Own Diagram)

Transparency deficits in recycling

Here we address the critical issue of the lack of transparency from the industry and reporting agencies and consciousness among individuals regarding waste management and recycling. It explores the underlying reasons for this gap, ranging from limited access to information and education to the absence of clear guidelines and incentives for responsible waste disposal. By analyzing surveys, interviews, and behavioral studies, this chapter aims to uncover the factors contributing to the lack of awareness and engagement among the public. It also indicates where we need transparency in order to improve.

One of the main problems identified is the lack of knowledge about the proper use of a material, its recycling, or its reuse. There is no industry standard definition of recycling within the industry. This means that oftentimes waste used in the production of energy, shipped overseas, or waste collected but then rejected can and will be counted depending on the reporting party.

Diagram 13: RIN Number chart that depicts which codes are recyclable and which are not. (Courtesy of Eco Strategies Group)

Broader social impact: Environmental racism

The combination of redlining and environmental racism has created significant health hazards and poor waste management in specific urban areas. Redlining historically deprived minority communities of essential resources, placing them in neighborhoods with higher pollution levels and inadequate waste infrastructure. This legacy of discrimination has led to increased respiratory and cardiovascular diseases due to air pollution, contaminated drinking water, and soil toxicity, severely impacting residents’ health. Poorly maintained waste management systems in these areas result in unsanitary conditions and environmental degradation. Addressing these issues requires policy reforms, community engagement, and education to foster sustainable practices and improve living conditions for these marginalized communities.

Diagram 14: The above maps show part of the South side of Chicago in a comparison of historical redlining, observed particulate matter, percentage burdened, and adult asthma rates. (Maps courtesy of chichives.org)

Discussion and Proposals

Here we have outlined a comprehensive plan for promoting sustainable practices and community engagement through education, guideline proposals, the utilization of secondary materials in community construction, and community engagement to provide a framework for a holistic approach towards creating environmentally conscious communities.

Connecting users to the recycling process

Guideline development

To promote sustainable practices effectively, clear guidelines are essential. This section presents a set of guideline proposals that encompass waste management, recycling, energy efficiency, and sustainable construction practices. These guidelines aim to provide a framework for individuals, organizations, and communities to adopt sustainable behaviors and make informed decisions. By outlining specific actions and standards, these proposals seek to ensure transparency, consistency, and accountability in sustainable practices across various sectors. Moreover, this section emphasizes the importance of adapting and customizing guidelines to suit specific regional and community contexts.

a. Waste collection system: We propose community engagement to add residential, block, and community-based sorting levels to build a better system. And there will be a community composting and recycling center as well.

Diagram 15: The waste collection should have community layers of sorting, composting, and recycling, then be connected to the city system, which would reduce the load on the city system directly. (Own Diagram)

b. Residential: Dedicated space for sorting and primary storage of waste and also a vegetable garden which will be used as a direct compost micro-plant.

Diagram 16: Imaginary residential plot has been illustrated representing Englewood, Chicago, IL (Own Diagram)

c. Block: Both sides of the street will have waste and recycle bins at the end of the block. Near the entry/exit of public places will also have waste and recycle bins.

Diagram 17: The S. Halsted St. has been illustrated representing Englewood, Chicago, IL (Own Diagram)

d. Community: The flow diagram of waste on the community scale.

Diagram 18: The S. Halsted St. and W. 59th St. node has been illustrated representing Englewood, Chicago, IL (Own Diagram)

Utilizing Recycled Materials in Community Construction

The construction industry plays a significant role in resource consumption and waste generation. This section explores the potential of utilizing secondary materials and recycled resources in community construction projects. By promoting the use of reclaimed materials, such as recycled concrete, plastic, or timber, communities can minimize waste, reduce environmental impact, and create sustainable infrastructure. This section delves into the benefits, challenges, and best practices associated with integrating recycled materials into construction processes. It also highlights innovative projects and case studies that demonstrate successful implementation of these sustainable construction practices.

Diagram 19: Potential use of reused and post-secondary materials in a community space which can be incorporated by the authority at various levels. (Own Diagram)

Finding the scopes in the education system

Improving recycling knowledge in society can be achieved through a combination of strategies. Raising social awareness via campaigns and influencers increases visibility and understanding of recycling practices. Promoting resource reduction and reuse through workshops and incentives decreases overall waste and fosters sustainable habits. Implementing data tracking systems provides transparency, allowing communities to see their impact and identify areas for improvement. Comprehensive community education programs in schools and online platforms empower individuals with essential recycling knowledge. Additionally, using secondary recycled materials in community construction projects showcases practical applications and benefits, reinforcing the importance of recycling and sustainability.

Diagram 20: Probable areas of intervention in the current educational system to do things related to recycling initiatives. (Own Diagram)

Enhancing community recycling practice

Signage for reused or recycled materials will be prominently displayed so that information is transmitted appropriately and loudly.

Diagram 21: For instance, a manhole cover can be made from scrap metal from nearby construction sites (Own Diagram)

More information should be provided on recycling bins to inform people about what to recycle and how to do so. Additionally, which waste that can turn into secondary material will be on the billboards.

Diagram 22: A waste bin in Paris showing more information for the community. (Own Photograph)

Availability of community-based recycling centers to engage the community by themselves. Additional tax benefits may be proposed for homes that demonstrate the greatest amount of recycling to be encouraged.

Diagram 23: Punt Verd, Community Recycling Center in Barcelona. (Photograph courtesy to Punt Verd Community Recycling Center in Barcelona)

Community education initiatives

Community education is essential for fostering a robust recycling culture, integrating both formal and informal educational approaches to build a generation of environmentally conscious individuals. Formal education programs in schools and universities can incorporate comprehensive recycling curricula, teaching students the importance of waste management, the lifecycle of materials, and the environmental impacts of improper disposal. Informal education, such as community workshops, online courses, and public information campaigns, can reach a broader audience, including adults and non-traditional learners. Additionally, specialized training programs can equip community leaders and volunteers with the knowledge and skills needed to advocate for recycling and lead local initiatives. Recycling education encourages proactive behaviors by highlighting how reusing materials that would otherwise be discarded can significantly improve environmental health and quality of life. By teaching the value of transforming waste into raw materials, these educational efforts not only promote sustainability but also empower communities to actively participate in protecting the environment. This multi-faceted approach ensures that recycling knowledge permeates all levels of society, fostering a culture that prioritizes sustainability and environmental stewardship.

Diagram 24: Community Composting, Photograph from ilsr.org

Conclusion

There is numerous evidence that minority communities suffer the most from adverse effects on the environment. Waste management is part of the impact as well. For example, Englewood is a community, in South Chicago, with a long history of progress and prosperity. Unfortunately, after the redlining, the socioeconomic situation deteriorates considerably. To improve the situation of waste management, education on recycling will be a major factor at this time. According to our study, some policy efforts, incorporating recycling education formally and informally and ensuring community engagement can make things better. In conclusion, this exploration has shed light on the underlying issues and potential solutions for creating a more sustainable future. Throughout this report, we have delved into various chapters, examining research objectives, methodology, and key findings. Through our research, it became evident that the lack of transparency surrounding recycling practices is a significant obstacle to effective waste management. Many individuals and organizations are unaware of the proper methods for recycling specific materials, leading to inefficient recycling efforts and the continued accumulation of waste. To overcome this challenge, we propose a comprehensive approach that includes widespread education and awareness campaigns to inform people about the correct recycling procedures. Additionally, we have explored the role of education in shaping recycling behavior. By incorporating recycling practices into the education system, we can empower individuals to make sustainable choices and take an active role in recycling initiatives. Through formal education institutions and public awareness campaigns, we can instill environmental awareness and responsible recycling habits in the next generation, creating a culture that values and prioritizes recycling. Furthermore, the study sheds light on the potential presence of environmental racism within recycling practices. It is disheartening to discover that minority communities have often borne the brunt of polluting infrastructure, leading to adverse environmental and health impacts. Recognition of this problem is critical, and efforts must be made to ensure equitable distribution of recycling facilities and waste management sites.

References

Acknowledgements

We would like to extend a special thanks to following people: Professor Sonja Petrović for her mentorship along this process, Ramon Ramirez for his insight into sustainability from a management perspective, Prof. Maria Villalobos for her mentorship in design solutions, Laura Beth Brown for her expertise into K-12 education, Dr. Kerry Brown for his expertise into post secondary education, and the rest of the SoReMo team and our fellow fellows for their insightful questions that drove the research forward.

Illinois Tech

While Illinois Tech has initiated some campus sustainability projects, including a recycling program, an organic waste composting pilot project, and participation in Recyclemania, several challenges hinder its progress towards becoming a zero-waste campus. One major obstacle is the lack of adequate funding allocated to sustainability initiatives. Insufficient financial resources limit the university’s ability to invest in necessary infrastructure improvements, expand recycling facilities, and support educational campaigns. Another challenge is the issue of continuity. Due to frequent turnover among faculty and staff, maintaining consistent sustainability efforts becomes difficult. This inconsistency hampers the development of long-term strategies and undermines the effectiveness of recycling programs. Additionally, the university struggles to address the growing problem of e-waste. With the rapid advancement of technology, the disposal and recycling of electronic devices pose a significant challenge. Illinois Tech needs to allocate resources towards establishing e-waste recycling programs and educating the community on responsible electronic waste management. Overcoming these challenges, including the need for funding, continuity, and addressing e-waste, will be crucial for Illinois Tech to overcome its limitations and make significant strides towards becoming a truly zero-waste campus.

Unfortunately these actions have resulted in a lack of trust in both the institution as a whole and the recycling program by both students and faculty. A robust reworking of the current infrastructure and reeducation program would be necessary to reestablish trust. Likewise a considered effort and priority would have to be taken by the Illinois Tech administration.

Diagram 21: Data collected from Office of Campus Energy and Sustainability, IIT (Own Diagram)

Diagram 22: Data collected from Office of Campus Energy and Sustainability, IIT (Own Diagram)